Essay on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) - 2085 Words

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is an intolerance of glucose documented for the first time during pregnancy. It is usually a short-term type of diabetes and the most common health problem with pregnant women. GBM is caused by the way the hormones in pregnancy affect the mother. GDM accounts for 5-7% of all pregnancies (American Diabetes Association, 2010). During pregnancy the placenta develops and becomes the main bond between the mother and the baby. It is used to make sure the baby has and gets enough nutrients. The placenta makes several hormones which make it hard for insulin to control blood glucose and block the action of the mother’s insulin in her body (American Diabetes Association, 2010). Hormonal changes during the†¦show more content†¦This is also known as diabetes (Baby Center, 2011). Some of the most common signs and symptoms of diabetes are polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. These symptoms cause a ripple effect and one causes another to h appen. Polyuria is excessive urination that is very common in diabetes. This happens when excess sugar builds up in the blood, during which the kidneys work harder to filter and absorb the extra sugar that cannot be reabsorbed. This excess sugar is excreted in the urine along with large losses of water. This is also known as osmotic diuresis. This causes frequent urination and also can cause dehydration (Mayo Clinic, 2010). The dehydration then causes polydipsia, also known as excessive thirst. This is also caused by the increased level of blood glucose. This again, is caused when water is pulled from the cells and also from the large loss of water. When you lose sugar with polyuria you also lose calories which cause polyphagia. The body tents to hold on to the sugar and prevent it from reaching the cells which makes the body use fat stores and cellular protein for energy. This then leads to excessive hunger (Mayo Clinic, 2010). Other common symptoms can include glucosuria which happens when glucose is seen in the urine despite what the blood sugar may be. When there is too much glucose in the body the renal system cannot remove all the sugar.Show MoreRelatedGestational Diabetes Mellitus ( Gdm ) Essay2044 Words   |  9 Pages2016 Gestational Diabetes Mellitus INTRODUCTION Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is defined as a glucose intolerance that has been diagnosed during pregnancy.1 GDM affects anywhere between 1% to 14% of pregnancies and is on the rise due to the global obesity epidemic.1 Such a large range is due to the differences in screening technique and diagnostic criteria. Those who have a higher risk include women who are obese, have a previous history of GDM, have a family member with type 2 diabetes, areRead MoreGestational Diabetes Mellitus ( Gdm )1683 Words   |  7 PagesGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy and caused by insulin resistance in the body. Risk factors of GDM include maternal age, ethnicity, family history, BMI, and deficiency of vitamin D. To be diagnosed with GDM, a woman must go through two screenings tests called the glucose challenge test and glucose tolerance test with high blood glucose results. Proper management such as a healthy diet, physical activity, and med ications are needed to preventRead MoreGestational Diabetes Mellitus ( Gdm )2927 Words   |  12 PagesGestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is defined as glucose intolerance that occurs during pregnancy [1]. GDM is a widespread condition in Indian women during pregnancy affecting nearly 21 percent of all pregnancies [2, 3] nationwide. Prevalence of GDM in India differs from region to region, with 3.8% in Kashmir [4], 16.55% in Tamil Nadu [5], 7.7% in Maharashtra, 7.1% in Haryana [6], 19% in National Capital Region [3]. Epidemiological studies have confirmed the association of GDM with increased feto-maternalRead MoreGestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) Essay1850 Words   |  8 PagesThe prevalence of Gestational Diabetes mellitus (GDM) is growing worldwide. 1-14% of women in pregnancy is affected by DM 1. Due to increased incidence and proposed lower ¬ing of the thresholds for diagnosis the health care cost of GDM can be expected to rise proportionately. The discussion of whether a benefit exists to the treatment of GDM assumes greater importance now than in the past. Even though it has long been known that women with preexisting type 1 and type 2 diabetes are at increasedRead MoreIntroduction. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (Gdm)By Definition1257 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) by definition is a carbohydrate intolerance that is developed or recognized for the first time during pregnancy (Chen, Chuang, Fang, Kuo, Lee, Li, Lin, NIen,Wu, 2017). With a drastic increase of GDM in recent years, attention and concern has been brought to the topic. GDM is linked to poor pregnancy outcomes including but not limited to; hypertension, macrosomia, maternal depression, neonatal hypoglycemia and stillbirth (Jagiello Chertok, 2015)Read MoreA Research Study On Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ( Gdm ) Essay1590 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Follow-Up of Gestational Mellitus in an Urban Safety Net Hospital† Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a form of high blood sugar that affects pregnant women. It is called GDM in women who have never had high blood glucose readings until pregnancy. This type of diabetes usually develops around the 24th or 25th week of gestation. GDM occurs when the body is not able to make enough insulin or use the insulin that is made for its increased needs during pregnancy. GDM not only causes complicationsRead MoreRisk Factors : Description Of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Screening1265 Words   |  6 PagesGestational Diabetes Mellitus Screening Description of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a form of diabetes that occurs in pregnant women who do not have a prior history of diabetes mellitus (American Diabetes Association, 2016). It occurs in approximately 7% of pregnant women across the world and 6% of pregnancies in the United States (Caissutti Berghella, 2017). GDM occurs when there is insulin resistance leading to glucose intolerance or high levels of glucoseRead MoreNutrition Research Analysis1101 Words   |  5 Pages1. Cho, J., Choi, Y., Kim, A., Kim, H., Lee, J., Lim, S., Oh, J., Yoo, H., Yoon,K. Nutritional Intake of Pregnant Woman with Gestational Diabetes or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Clinical Nutrition Research 2013; 2: 81-90. Article from a Korean peer-reviewed journal examined the nutritional intake of 125 women diagnosed with gestational diabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus for over two years. The woman had not been provided nutritional education on how to manage their blood glucose or proper diet duringRead MoreThe Effects Of Gestational Diabetes1016 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the most common metabolic disorders during pregnancy is gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and its occurrence continues to increase (8). The 2004 analysis by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention states that cases of GDM are at 9.2%. The American Diabetes Association defines GDM as a condition where glucose levels are higher than normal either at the start or during pregnancy (1). The definition is used whether insulin or only diet modification is used for treatment and even if theRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus : A Type Of Diabetes1369 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Gestational Diabetes Mellitus is a type of diabetes that was first discovered during pregnancy. According to Canadian Diabetes Association (2015), three to twenty percent of women develop Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). GDM is a result of increased insulin resistance or glucose intolerance. Incidence of GDM varies by age, body weight, and ethnicity. Canadian Diabetes Association (2015) mentioned that individuals who are at greater risk include women over 35 years of age, women

Genetics, Disease Counseling - 4765 Words

Genetic Disease Diagnosis, Screening and Treatment Advocacy and Decision Making in Genetics Competencies for Contemporary Nursing Issues (GNT1) Juanita Allen Janette Barney Western Governor s University Task 3 724.2.5-03-08 724.2.6-02-09 Mr. and Mrs. Trosack have recently been told through chorionic villus testing, that their unborn child has Tay Sachs disease.As the case manager there should be several appropriate members identified for an interdisciplinary team to obtain information for the Trosacks initial visit. Those team members include, a high risk obstetrician, or perinatologist, obstetric nurses, a geneticist, a social worker, and or genetic counselor who specializes in such genetic diseases, and it would be†¦show more content†¦In order to review their inherited genetic risks and help them understand and provide counseling according to their specific needs the genetic counselor should know the Trosacks have already established that their unborn child has Tay Sachs disease and based on those needs they should be provided with appropriate guidance and counseling as they progress through their pregnancy. The discussion should include what causes genetic disorders, and what that means to the Trosa ck couple specifically, including dominant, recessive and x-linked disorders. However, recessive disorders should be fully discussed in this case. Another topic to include in the discussion are what genes and chromosomes are, and the relation to Tay Sachs disease. The genetic counselor should have a great deal of experience in dealing with specific genetic diseases, including Tay Sachs disease. They would be able to provide a list of support groups and or families they could refer the Trosack s to in order for them to relate to others who have been through the process before. This type of assistance is chosen as part of the interdisciplinary team to assist this couple, especially Rita in understanding what they will be going through and what emotions to expect in the process. It willShow MoreRelated Genetic Screening is Necessary Essay1679 Words   |  7 PagesGenetic Screening is Necessary You are sitting in the counselors office, waiting. You are staring at the walls, trying not to think about what you are considering, but still thinking about it. Will I get cancer? Do I have the gene that will increase my likelihood of getting cancer ? My grandmother had cancer. Two of my aunts have had cancer. What about me? If I have this test, what happens then? The door opens and in walks the counselor. Time to find out about genetic screening. GeneticRead MoreDna Knowledge And Its Effects On The Human Of Individuals And Their Families1681 Words   |  7 Pagesrights to have children or not have them if their genetic characteristics include some kind of inherited disease (Fernà ¡ndez, 2009). In the 1940s and 50s, the genetic counseling gained popularity, creating the prenatal diagnosis and the therapeutic abortion, a form of abortion that became legal in the 60s in many countries (Fernà ¡ndez, 2009). Since 1970, eugenic practices are widespread across genetic diagnostic techniques, embryology, and molecular genetics that have had a spectacular development by implementingRead MoreI Am Working As A Family Health Nurse And Counseling A Married Couple Essay1054 Words   |  5 Pagescaring for families who need genetic counseling, it’s essential that the nurse understands and considers the family’s values, background, beliefs and behaviors. This information is valuable when setting mutual goals, developing car e plans and choosing interventions (Andrews and Boyle, 2016). In this post I will imagine that I am working as a family health nurse and counseling a married couple who are seeking my advice because they are both carriers for Huntington’s disease. As a nurse it’s my responsibilityRead MoreThe Case Of Jennifer And Jianshe Li952 Words   |  4 Pagesthe central nervous system, which is linked to genetics. I would recommend they ask the specialist how the pregnancy could affect Jennifer. Would the pregnancy be detrimental to her health? I would suggest getting a second and a third opinion. Would the fetus survive if it was afflicted with the disease? These are questions that only a specialist in neurology would be able to answer. I would help them look for a specialist who is familiar with the disease; consequently, it would be beneficial to findRead MoreGenetic Counseling : A New Field Emerging From An Intersection Between Genetics, Medicine, And Psychology1249 Words   |  5 PagesGenetic counseling is a new field emerging from an intersection between genetics, medicine, and psychology. As with most counseling, genetic counseling is a process of communication intended to help individuals and their families. However, for genetic counselors, they must also be able to comprehend medical information, including the management for various disorders. These individuals must also have an in-depth understanding of how heredity contributes to the risk and occurrence of disorders. TheyRead MoreThe Function Of The Msh2 Protein986 Words   |  4 Pagesmutation that leads to the disease is passed down from parent to child. Each parent has a 50/50 chance of passing the disease down to each of their children. As stated in Wikipedia, â€Å"Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), sometimes referred to as Lynch syndrome, is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, where inheritance of only one copy of a mutated mismatch repair gene is enough to ca use disease phenotype† (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSH2). Today we use genetic testing for diagnosingRead MoreGenetic Testing And Mental Health Disorders1039 Words   |  5 Pages There are genetic components that are being identified in the diagnoses of mental health disorders associated with Huntington’s disease through human genome and family research. Diagnostic and presymptomatic testing is available by discovering a gene mutation for Huntington Disease (HD) and prepares persons who are at risk for Huntington Disease (HD) to ask for genetic testing. A multi-visit protocol is enacted when HD genetic testing is offered through HD testing centers, followed by educationRead MoreWhat Is Mutation? What Is a Gene Mutation? Discuss Sickle Cell Anemia (Its Cause, Effect, and Treatment) B) What Are Mutagens and Their Effects? C) What Is Genetic Counseling? Discuss the Advantages and Disadvantages of This Procedure.873 Words   |  4 Pagesmutation is present throughout a persons life in virtually every cell in the body. Mutations t hat occur only in an egg or sperm cell, or those that occur just after fertilization, are called new (de novo) mutations. De novo mutations may explain genetic disorders in which an affected child has a mutation in every cell, but has no family history of the disorder. Acquired (or somatic) mutations occur in the DNA of individual cells at some time during a persons life. These changes can be caused byRead MoreDiabetes : Diabetes And Digestive And Kidney Diseases882 Words   |  4 Pagesnumber of adults with diabetes has increased immensely from 5.5 million to 19.6 million (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], n.d.). Diabetes global prevalence research by Wild, Roglic, Green, Sicree, and King (2004) predicted that, the total number of people with diabetes will rise from 171 million in 2000 to 366 million in 2030. Diabetes has many causative factors that encompass genetic, lifestyle, and environmental categories. Diabetes can vary in different individuals in correlation Read MoreEssay Muscular Dystrophy717 Words   |  3 Pagestreatment of, and cure for Muscular dystrophy since its discovery in 1886, by Dr. Guillaume Duchenne. Muscular dystrophy is a hereditary disease, affecting thousands of people every year, two-thirds being children between the age of birth through adolescents. Muscular dystrophy can also occur with no family history of the disease. Muscular dystrophy is a degenerating disease, in which the skeletal muscles degenerate, lose their strength, and cause increasing disability and deformity. Muscles attached

Non Citizens Should Have The Right For Vote - 2530 Words

Non-Citizens Should Have the Right to Vote Tayler Gill Ryerson University Joerg Wittenbrinck Non-Citizens should have the right to vote According to Elections Canada (2011), the right to vote is a major equitable right that is ensured by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. It is the foundation of democracy. When we vote, we pick the representatives who will make the laws and strategies that represent how we live together. The authenticity of an administration lies in the way that it is chosen. Low voter turnouts may call into inquiry the legitimacy of authority. While democracy includes a great deal holding elections every five years, voting is an effective approach to make an impression on governments and legislators. The more votes, the more compelling the message is. Ultimately, each vote counts. To vote in Canada at any level of government, you must be a Canadian citizen. (â€Å"Why Should I Vote†, 2011) As a result, masses of adults who reside in Canada are denied the right to vote because they are not Canadian citizens. There is no question that the status of citizenship has been contested si nce the migration trend in Canada soared the past 20 years. (Siemiatycki, 2011) These residents work, pay local taxes, use city services, send their children to school but cannot vote. (Munro, 2008) Giving non-citizens voting rights would give permanent residents an opportunity to participate in decisions made on local services and issues, fostering a sense ofShow MoreRelatedThe Amendment Of The United States Constitution877 Words   |  4 PagesThe right to vote for American citizens is the fifteen amendment of the United States constitution. In this amendment, no citizen may be deny to vote base on color or race. For this, many more citizens of the United States are able to vote, even if they are a minority. However, the United States does not have a high turnout rate on elections. As a result, voter participation has an effect on public policies; additionally, Americans do not have a strong ethical duty to vote. Therefore, politiciansRead MoreShould Public Voting Rights Be Allow ed?1488 Words   |  6 PagesMadeline Gropman, 104354669 Dr. Collier 02-45-100 25 November 2015 Should Everyone in Canada Be Allowed to Vote? Voting rights have been historically considered the heart of democratic citizenship wherein they hold the value that those controlled by the law should have a say in its conception and establishment. I believe that permanent Canadian residents, who have not yet gained citizenship, should be allowed to vote in municipal elections because universal suffrage is considered one of the mostRead MoreThe Issue Of Compulsory Voting1214 Words   |  5 Pagesintroduced a Private Members’ Bill for compulsory voting. However it did not progress beyond its first reading. Yet the question has not died out and whether the UK should follow the likes of Australia and Belgium still remains a hotly debated issue. The UK prides itself in being a leading force for democracy worldwide. It is thought to have become truly democratic in 1918 with the passing of the Representation of the Peoples Act whereby universal suffrage was cemented in statute law. In the electionRead MoreShould All Citizens Be Required by Law to Vote?1702 Words   |  7 PagesShould all citizens be required by law to vote? Imagine you were planning for a trip to Southeast Asian countries. You wanted a white cotton T-shirt that would keep your body comfortable in a tropical region. Therefore, you went to a fashion boutique to purchase the T-shirt you needed. When you got to the shop, you tried to look for a white cotton T-shirts, but unfortunately there were no T-shirts that you wanted. There were only two kinds of T-shirt in the store; black and dark brown nylonRead MoreA False Democracy : The Presidential Election1434 Words   |  6 Pagesmillion eligible American citizens abstained from voting. Of course many citizens could have been busy that day, or forgot, or even falsely feel that voting is futile. All of these free non voters take their freedom for granted as upwards of two million convicted felons’ votes are stolen by the government because of their criminal behavior. Each of the fifty states in the U.S. recognize numerous specific and confusing laws on whether or not felons deserve the right to vote after they complete theirRead MoreAll Citizens Should Not Be Required By Law1541 Words   |  7 PagesEvyn Fletcher VanNostrand Eng. 1301 11/08/15 All Citizens Should Not Be Required by Law to Vote Freedom is defined as the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint. As citizens of the Unites States of America we are granted the right of freedom, speaking our mind, and casting our opinion as we please. With these rights is the right to vote if we choose to do so. All citizens should not be required by law to vote because it would be taking away our freedom andRead MoreCompulsory Voting And Its Effect On Society1543 Words   |  7 PagesCompulsory voting’s effects can be argued to increase or decrease democracy. Compulsory, or mandatory voting is in effect in about 30 democracies around the world. However of these 30 that have compulsory voting in their laws, the policies vary from country to country. For an example, some countries only instate compulsory voting for certain elected positions. France, for example, strictly uses compulsory voting for their Senatorial elections (Hamid, 2010). As the number of active voters decreas esRead MoreEssay on Voting should be an obligation not a choice719 Words   |  3 PagesVoting should be an obligation not an option Living in America gives each person individual freedom. The freedom is yours to express your own opinion and to vote. Whether or not we choose to exercise these rights is the decision that every American citizen makes. Participating in our government is the single most important power that we as Americans have. Whether it is to elect officials or to amend a law, voting is not only a necessity, but a responsibility. It is frightening how many of usRead MorePersuasive Speech : Bad Officials Are The Ones Elected By Good Citizens Who Do Not Vote 812 Words   |  4 Pageselected by good citizens who do not vote.†-George Jean Nathan In today’s society all American Citizens of any race, ethnic background, religious belief, and sexual orientation have the privilege to vote. What is sad about it is that they chose not vote. The power of voting in society is a privilege that most of us take advantage of. Why is it that we complain about having bad governors, presidents, and unwanted laws, and still chose not to vote? Do we not understand that we do have a voice and canRead MoreA Report On The United States s Nationwide Prison Population748 Words   |  3 PagesAccording to [http://felonvoting.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=000286] only two states allow felons to vote while in prison. This is quite alarming, especially considering that America’s nationwide prison population, since 1980, has increased by nearly 800 percent. This increase is due to harsher punishments for non-violent crimes, resulting in more than  1.57 million  inmates being imprisoned in federal, state, and local prisons and jails at any given time. In addition, an estimated 12 million

HIV/AIDS in Botswana. - 1525 Words

An estimated 25 million people in Africa were living with AIDS in 2003 (AIDS and HIV Statistics for Africa). In Botswana alone, the AIDS prevalence rate is an immense 36.5% (HIV and AIDS in Botswana). In Botswana, AIDS has been an ongoing epidemic since the first case reported in 1985 (HIV and AIDS in Botswana). AIDS is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which weakens a person s immune system causing them to be more susceptible to infectious diseases such as meningitis, pneumonia, the flu, and many other diseases. Though AIDS does not directly kill people, the infectious diseases will frequently become fatal. AIDS is transmitted through both homosexual and heterosexual intercourse, blood transfusions with HIV positive†¦show more content†¦The population of Botswana below the poverty line is 47% (CIA-The World Factbook-Botswana). Botswana s people have very poor living conditions and many of the people do not have access to safe drinking water. After contractin g the HIV virus, one s immune system is much more susceptible to infectious diseases; these diseases are brought by the unsafe drinking water or the unacceptable living conditions. These more-susceptible people may catch infectious and fatal diseases. The poor people also have reduced access to health services. When Botswana s HIV infected people are exposed to an unhealthy environment or unsafe water, they are very likely to be infected by diseases that their slowed immune systems cannot fight off. This results in many more deaths of AIDS infected people. Poverty can also cause more HIV transmission. It is common for young girls to have sex with men to get money to pay for schooling or food (AIDS in Africa). This is not right and is putting these young girls at risk of infection; young girls should not need money bad enough to have to get it from a man by having sex with him. Also, with poverty comes a lack of education, education about the horrors of AIDS and how to prevent it. Th ere needs to be a solution for the half of Botswana that lives in poverty and does not receive a properShow MoreRelatedThe Epidemic Of Botswana, South Africa Essay1282 Words   |  6 Pagesdirected towards reducing the amount of HIV/AIDS cases that continue to rise each year, they have chosen to implement failed policies or none at all. Countries that have attempted to enact government policy to try to decrease the spread of the epidemic has ultimately failed in a broad sense. The epidemic is known as the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and the virus Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV) (†¦). For this research paper, the countries of Botswana, South Africa, and Zimbabwe will beRead MoreThe Republic Of Botswan A Country With A Fairy Tale Success Story1643 Words   |  7 Pages The Republic of Botswana is a country with a fairy tale success story. It began as an independent country that was one of the poorest in the world, and built itself up to be an African success story. It is a landlocked country, which most often means its fate is left in the hands of the surrounding countries. Botswana built a very successful diamond mining empire as well as a cattle industry, and has grown into a successful middle-income country. The Republic of Botswana is considered to be oneRead MoreReligion And Africa By Jenny Trinitapoli And Alexander Wienreb1414 Words   |  6 PagesIn the book Religion and AIDS in Africa by Jenny Trinitapoli and Alexander Wienreb, describe the role that religion plays in interpreting, preventing, and coping with HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. In my view, the variation across countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is due, in part, to different health care and political/government systems. The variation that is seen in healthcare across SSA, where Botswana where programs and access to antiretroviral therapy compared to Zambia. The other variationRead MoreEconomics of Rough Diamonds Essay1586 Words   |  7 Pagesdiamond resources are Botswana and Angola. These two countries took two different economic paths. Botswana embraced a democratic government and escaped civil war while Angola has suffered years of civil war. Despite the fact that both countries sell the same resource, they face d different economic futures. In 1967, Botswana became an independent democratic country from Britain. Most of Botswanas revenue at that time came from the agricultural industry. The government of Botswana was approached byRead MoreHiv / Aids : Hiv And Aids892 Words   |  4 PagesSince the nineteen hundreds, Africa coped with countless problems related to HIV and AIDS. Anthropologists, scientists, doctors, and psychologists discussed theories related to the issues presented by HIV/AIDS. Researchers study the effects of poverty, polygamy, geography, and social relationships on HIV/AIDS. One of the prevalent theories on how the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) spread is through the increase of sex workers in Africa. An increase in sex work correlates to an increase in povertyRead MoreThe Suburban Zip Code 402231136 Words   |  5 Pagesadvancing to the next stage: Population decline. Botswana population Pyramid Botswana is a landlocked country located in Africa, bordered by: South Africa, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. It has been one of the fastest growing economies in the world due to an abundance of diamonds in the land. However, the life expectancy here is only about 54 years old because of the vast AIDS epidemic that is going on in certain parts of Africa and all around the world (â€Å"Botswana†). Also, poverty and unemployment are stillRead MoreMedical Schools Are Lesotho And Swaziland890 Words   |  4 PagesAfrica. In Southern Africa, the health systems also struggle with governmental inefficiencies. An example of this can been seen when examining the story of a doctor from Botswana in the early 2000’s. Ndwapi Ndwapi was born and raised in Botswana, but attended medical school in the United States (Hilts). When Ndwapi returned to Botswana in order to work, even though he was specialized, he was forced to follow the government’ health system and start working at a low ranking job. Not only was this a lowRead MoreColonization in Botswana1606 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact of Colonization in the Country of Botswana Botswana’s peaceful transition to independence was unique and historical on the continent of Africa; yet Botswana’s road to a stabilized government and economic success lack perfection. Unlike any other country in Africa, Botswana applied for their independence from the British and their request was accepted. Simultaneously the British became the protectorate over Botswana territory at the request of the Tswana chiefs. According to GretchenRead MoreHistory of the U.S. Peace Corps Essay630 Words   |  3 Pagesthe federal government. The Peace Corps is organized into groups of volunteers and trainees that are placed in different developing countries according to their cause. Some of these causes include: education of children and adults, health and HIV/AIDS, environment, business, agriculture and youth. There are currently 7,733 volunteers and trainees in 72 different countries. The total numbers of volunteers are 178,000 since 1961 and have served a total of 138 countries. The majority of the volunteersRead MoreThe Aids Epidemic Of Botswana1850 Words   |  8 Pagesfacing many challenges, including starvation, poverty, Ebola and AIDS. AIDS, however, has become Africa’s biggest hurdle. Botswana, located in Southern Africa, has been hit the hardest by the AIDS virus with over 23% of its population contracting AIDS. In order to help fix the AIDS epidemic in Botswana, multiple things need to be reviewed, such as understanding how AIDS spread throughout Botswana, where the region currently stands on the AIDS virus, and the three solutions on how to prevent the rise in

Essay about A Moment to Remember. - 782 Words

A Moment to Remember. There have been many memorable moments in my lifetime. One that I will never forget happened my junior year during volleyball season. In 2010, Rock Island won our first Regional title. I’m glad to say I was a part of that. I still remember that whole day and how it went by. I remember the way my hair was, the decorations in the locker room, and even how excited my teammates were. I remember it like it was yesterday, and I always will. I can remember from the time I left the house that day for the game, to the time I was riding home as a regional champ. I remember it all. The night before the big game, all I could think about was how the game was going to go. I remember closing my eyes and just visualizing how†¦show more content†¦This game is what determined who would go home with a Regional Champions 2010 plaque. I remember being on the bench, bit it was almost the rotation when I went back into the game. My teammates and I had all our arms linked together, rocking back and forth nervously. The score had been close all game. It was now 23-22. Watching the game, the other team served. Katie passed it; Jacquline set it back to Shamell. BOOM! Shamell slammed it down with power and we got the point. I thought to myself, here I go. As I subbed in, I looked up at the score board: Rocks-24, Visitor-22. It was game point. I was plotting in my head my next actions. Katie went back to serve. She tossed the ball up, and hit it with authority. It was too short and didn’t even make it over the net. The crowd â€Å"Ooo’d† and â€Å" Ahhh’d† loudly. The score was now 24-23. â€Å"Here we go ladies, push one,† I screamed. Clapping my hands, I was ready for the ball. Ot was the other team’s serve. As she tossed the ball up, I had this feeling in my stomach. It wasn’t so much as a scared feeling, just an excited feeling. The ball was in the air. It was going pretty deep. â€Å"Oh my gosh, is it out?† I thought, and it was. â€Å"Ouuuuuuutttttttttttttt!!!!† The team all yelled just so the back row would be aware and not touch it. The ball hit the court outside the line. We all looked up at the ref as he was blowing his whistle, pointing to our side for our point. We screamed so loudly and just jumpedShow MoreRelatedI Clearly Remember My Last Moment As An Undergraduate Student.1391 Words   |  6 PagesI clearly remember my last moment as an undergraduate student. I had just finished my last exam for the semester, and as I checked back over my test I reflected on my college experience. In just 7 semesters I had attended 4 different colleges, lived in 4 different cities, had 9 different jobs, took a semester off for a competitive internship, and still managed to graduate a semester early. But of course, it’s kind of a long story. Throughout high school my family always supported me and encouragedRead MoreLooking back, I can clearly remember the moment where I fell in love with murder mysteries. I can600 Words   |  3 PagesLooking back, I can clearly remember the moment where I fell in love with murder mysteries. I can recall sitting on the couch with my dad as a young boy admiring the detectives on CSI as they tried to solve each case. The thrill of wondering whether or not they would find the true culprits would entice my young mind. This sense of wonder has stuck with me to this day. The book The Lovely Bones by Alice Sebold is a thrilling tale about a young girl getting murdered. The movie of the same name, directedRead MoreWe Are A Camera, By Nick Paumgarten1061 Words   |  5 Pagesexperiences, to share these moments with others, and even remember those whom you have lost. There are countless debates about how distracting cell phones and other electronic devices can be however, they can still be used in positive ways, such as capturing images. Images are a way of recalling events or memories. Certainly, with these images a person would depict a picture far more vividly than what they could have conjured up by simply trying to remember the moment. After going through a greatRead MoreLast night Sharon Olds Essay1348 Words   |  6 Pageseyes when I remember. I hardly knew myself, like something twisting and twisting out of a chrysalis, enormous, without language, all head, all shut eyes, and the humming like madness, the way they writhe away, and do not leave, back, back, away, back. Did I know you? No kiss, no tenderness–more like killing, death-grip holding to life, genitals like violent hands clasped tight barely moving, more like being closed in a great jaw and eaten, and the screaming I groan to remember it, and whenRead MoreHow Technology Can Help Us Remember Things1137 Words   |  5 Pagesnotification from Cortana, my â€Å"personal assistant†, she is similar to Siri on an iPhone. The message said â€Å"Reminders only help if they happen when you need them. I can remind you when get to the right place, or before you leave.† Technology wants to help us remember things. We program it to remind us to do something, like call our parents, when our next doctor’s appointment is, when our family member’s birthday is and even navigate where we want to go if we are driving. But now it is as if technology is tellingRead MoreThe United States Of American History954 Words   |  4 Pagesput subject in focus’ pictures. Rather reflecting in a moment, I was saving it for later. 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Audit and Assurance Value Measurements and Complex Estimates

Question: Describe about the Audit and Assurance for Value Measurements and Complex Estimates. Answer: 1 - Business Risk and Inherent Risk Assessment: a It is evident that the business risk of HIH is interrelated to the global, local and the control environmental factors. The risk is based on the understanding of the insurance sector along with the operational functionality of HIH so that it can fit itself under the risk evaluation parameters Assessing the profitability and the structure: One of the best approach for assessing the business risk of HIH is assessing the profitability and the structure of the industry under which it operates. This will help in assessing the competitive environment of the industry regarding the rise in competition with the increase in price range. Because of risk assessment, handling of insurance in Australian industry becomes relatively easier who are new to the industrial regulations (Glover et al., 2016). The insurance and the superannuation commission of is the regulatory body of Australia holding the Australian Prudential Regulatory Authority. Determining the insolvency risk: There are numerous procedures to decide the insolvency in terms of evaluating the roles of the risk assessment, which are based on the measurement of auditing risks. There are universal conformities, which are designed to clutch the ability so that it can meet the amount overdue of the company. By taking the help of profitability structure and liquidation risk, there is a much necessary need to emphasis the focus on the business corporation, which will have small numbers of customers to commence the industry (Griffiths, 2012). The conceptual framework is related to the capacity of meeting the debts of the company. Thus, there is a need to determine the solvency of the company which ultimately assessing the financial and the non-financial considerations. 1.b The risk, which HIH currently has the ability to handle, is related to the auditing risk elements since it enables the issue of unqualified audit having its base on the certain class of financial reports. These are usually based on holding the procedure and planning in accordance with the risk such as, inherent risk, control risk and detection risk. Inherent risk: The risk is concerned, with the risk of the financial statement where the HIH insurance company includes the preservation of the solvency margins, charging sufficient premiums and the liquidity factor of the organizations (Kogan et al., 2014). This consists of reinsuring the certain different policies as well as providing the file of marine insurance practices which largely from the professions of insurance. Control risk: The control risk contains the material inaccuracy which the internal control system fails to identify. For HIH, it has been understood that the completeness and accuracy of the general ledger for reconciliation of the ledger and the bank account that has not been performed by the organizations (Griffiths, 2012). The financial position of the organizations is based on the degree of difference amid substantive process, which emphasizes a greater degree of reliance on external procedure of documentation. The addition of the ledger accounts and the different bank accounts helps in the valuation of physical assets of the organizations. Detection of risk: The conceptual framework of risk detection is concerned with the different procedures of performing audit, which is based on the financial performance, that do not detect the errors in material or any assertions (Shin et al., 2014). This shows that the HIH must work on the timely planning and effectively reduce the circumstances of failure to identify the material misstatement. It is observed that HIH internal documents are unable to conduct the appropriate substantive procedures, as this will help to deal with better performance of insufficient planning and goodwill for future tax benefits. 2 Legal Liability: a. This relates to the issue of unqualified audit procedure concerning the audit risk, which is not managed by the organization. The auditors have limited understanding of the inherent risk, which remains unrecognized from the alterations made in the previous year by HIH. The major weight that is brought forward on the auditing report, reflects the auditing practices followed by the HIH (Abbas Iqbal, 2012). The auditor does not completely investigate the auditing practices, which it can notify to the different practices. The issues are usually related to the inadequate auditors independence, which is related with the presentation of the non-auditing work and understanding the HIH business operations due to high business risk. For clients: The focus is based on the financial position of the organizations presenting the inadequate planning of goodwill as well for the deferred acquisition cost and the income tax benefits. It is reflected that if customers employ former auditors then this will create a major effect on the liberty of the external auditing. The study highlights that the former auditors have been holding a good collaboration with the auditing team. This consists of holding up higher influence on the current auditors depending upon the authority (Schmidt et al., 2016). It is noteworthy to denote that there is a presence of good relations between former auditors and the existing auditors as they have the ability to identify and handle the problems with the related customers, which they hold. For creditors: The creditors need to stress on the smallest amount of solvency requirement, under which the organization can remain solvent at the time of announcement of director. The reports are interrelated with the determination of management based on going concern. It is noteworthy to denote that HIH must put their focus on the liquidity position of the organization where the liquidity position is mainly concerned with the operational and financial activities of HIH (Schmidt et al., 2016). The risk was primarily concerned with the pricing ability and outstanding claims of the organizations in compliance with the reservation policy of HIH for handling and working on the investments decisions. The representations is based on the proper treatment of the provisions where there is a need for prudential margins. 2.b The conditions, which have paved the way for negligence actions of HIH insurance is primarily concerned with the accelerations of the alterations, made in the legislations. It is evident from the study that combinations of inferior risk pricing ability, reckless investments and under-reserving the policies led to exhaustion of financial resources of group. Flawed corporate governance practices of HIH: Based on the study, it is argued that deeper reasons for corporations bankruptcy largely comprises of the agency cost problem arising from the agency conflict amid the proprietors, managers and the debtors within the organizations. A large area of the problems was related to the alterations, which are politically reinforced with direct liability pattern of the government. The commencement of the legislative changes is related with the public liabilities and inadequate risk management plays the role for in appropriate management. Evidence provides that inadequate risk management is due to the failure in shaping the management policies and practices (Pitt, 2014). The directors have been careless to evaluate the strategy for investment with appreciation of risk, which is concerned with different sources of information. Lack of independence for non-executive director: From the previously mentioned information, it is understood that liberty of the non-executive directors is worthy to be questioned and most certainly, it is not as ideal as it appears to be. Among the five executive directors, two directors are past partner of Arthur Anderson secretarial firm. It was seen that HIH had paid a sum of $1.7 million to Anderson for auditing services along with this a sum of $1.631 million for the provision of non-auditing services (Bagshaw, 2013). As it is understood that, auditing services is recognized as main source of detractions from the independent auditor and other related directors. Either directly or indirectly, the practices of corporate governance of HIH are responsible for negligence actions, which clearly defines that the guiding principle or course of action due to lack independent analysis of the management. Lack of independence information resources: It is widespread evident that the accounting systems plays a significant role in the functions of commercial supremacy systems. For an organization like HIH, it is not practicable for the non-executive directors to gather and process the information essential for them to execute the responsibilities of their directors (Pitt, 2014). Therefore, the non-executive directors responsibilities has to be compromised as because there is no alternatives but to remain dependent on the accounting systems prepared and directed by the management. Unquestionably, this symbolizes inherent risks of the business systems. 3- Ethics: a The focus has been on the inadequate evidence before the releasing the audit report with the changes that has been made concerning different accounts. On the introduction of close relationships with the non-auditing services has lead to the refusal of paid auditing services (Bagshaw, 2013). HIH wanted to hire the members for its external audit team are due to following reasons; To auditors were familiar to the company The auditors are thought to have the efficient experience with the different financial and pecuniary matters The management is based on the holding up the work of audit in order to develop a strong relationship with the external auditors. The auditors need to have faith on the executives of clients to such an extent that it is not restricting the freedom of the external auditors. The auditors need to preserve the professional skepticism, which executes the managerial activities of the companies, as the management and the auditors are unable to manage the financial statement. 3.b The auditing companies should provide the non-auditing services with the management consultancy providing advice on the subjects which is related to tax. This will enable the company to provide auditing as well as non-auditing service to the clients. The purpose should be based on the handling the reliance where the information of the clients is centrally related with the sources of income. On the other hand, conflict of interest is set to provide the auditing and the consulting services a set of discrepancies amid the management and the executives. The auditors hold the reports regarding the financial situations with the objectives of profit maximization of the organizations. The advantage of having the same firm provides the both auditing and consulting services as they are based on handling the audit activities of the business. Such facilities help in holding up the change for different impaired reports (Messier, 2016). The reports are based on identifying the errors of the company as it facilitates the auditors and the consultant to manage the information of clients. Such measures help in covering up the mistakes and provide compilation of the management reports. The regulatory measures is best solution to determine the accuracy of the financial reports where offering such services are beneficial for several accounting firms. 3.c It was observed that the members of the organizations were not honest in discharge of their duties as they used to provide false and misleading information. Several of its members were involved in unethical practices where they fail act honestly in discharge of their duties. Arthur Andersen deteriorated the situations with the subsequent collapse of the Enron. The organization also found him guilty of obstructing the justice for the destructions of the work papers (Rikhardsson Dull, 2016). Such circumstances represent a violation of the ethical standard of the organization, which is beyond the ethical limit for any corporate firms. The employees should commit themselves in discharge of their ethical duties while dealing with their customers. The statement is based on the conducting the rules and regulations with appropriate codes and corporate standards. This consists of disclosure of information for appropriate accounting practices. 3.d The report recommends the policies regarding the governance and the financial reporting under the CLERP 9 amendments, which are as follows; Lead engagement partner and review the rotation of partner after five years which should extend to key senior audit personnel as well; The waiting period for audit partners to join a company board or any top management should be extended from two years to four years, which should also include the senior personnel of the audit firms involved in the auditing activities. Generally, the above stated recommendations are aimed at recognizing and addressing the issues for the corporate groups. The recommendations are aimed at improving the financial reporting and audit functions in order to disclose the mattes, which affects the audit independence and disclosure of additional financial informations. The recommendations are aimed to recognize the responsibility by spreading the long chain of managerial functions necessarily to be performed by the employees. Reference list: Abbas, Q., Iqbal, J. (2012). Internal Control System: Analyzing Theoretical Perspective and Practices.Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research,12(4), 530-538. Bagshaw, K. (2013).Audit and Assurance Essentials: For Professional Accountancy Exams. John Wiley Sons. Bebbington, J., Unerman, J., O'Dwyer, B. (2014).Sustainability accounting and accountability. Routledge. Glover, S. M., Taylor, M. H., Wu, Y. J. (2016). Current Practices and Challenges in Auditing Fair Value Measurements and Complex Estimates: Implications for Auditing Standards and the Academy.Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory. Griffiths, M. P. (2012).Risk-based auditing. Gower Publishing, Ltd.. Kogan, A., Alles, M. G., Vasarhelyi, M. A., Wu, J. (2014). Design and evaluation of a continuous data level auditing system.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,33(4), 221-245. Messier Jr, W. (2016).Auditing assurance services: A systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Pitt, S. A. (2014). Internal audit quality. Rikhardsson, P., Dull, R. (2016). An exploratory study of the adoption, application and impacts of continuous auditing technologies in small businesses.International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,20, 26-37. Schmidt, P. J., Wood, J. T., Grabski, S. V. (2016). Business in the Cloud: Research Questions on Governance, Audit and Assurance.Journal of Information Systems. Shin, I. H., Lee, M. G., Park, W. (2013). Implementation of the continuous auditing system in the ERP-based environment.Managerial Auditing Journal,28(7), 592-627. Gaber, M., Lusk, E. J. (2015). Account Screening: Rationalizing The Extendedprocedures Decision in The Audit Context.EXCEL International Journal of Multidisciplinary Management Studies,5(9), 1-20. Christensen, B. E., Glover, S. M., Wood, D. A. (2012). Extreme estimation uncertainty in fair value estimates: Implications for audit assurance.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,31(1), 127-146. William Jr, M., Glover, S., Prawitt, D. (2016). Auditing and Assurance Services: A Systematic Approach.Auditing and Assurance Services: A Systematic Approach. Christensen, B. E., Glover, S. M., Wood, D. A. (2013). Extreme estimation uncertainty and audit assurance.Current Issues in Auditing,7(1), P36-P42. Ricchiute, D. N. (2012).Auditing and assurance services. South Western Educational Publishing.

Communication Essay Example For Students

Communication Essay Ch8The functions of communication in organization are:1.Share information, instructions2.Share feeling and emotion3.Central and co-coordinated efforts4.Motivate employee5.Interact with other stackholdersOrganizations success or failure is often the direct result of :1.Companys communication philosophies2.Employees communication skills3.Quantity of communication that is within the orgnation4.Environment of trust and effortSupportive communication:A person who communicate accurate and nearest information and build and enhance relationships instead of jeopardizing them. Computer mediated communication:Information databasesVoice mail systemsFaxCell phones. CMC DRAWBACK BCommunication can become impersonal , machine to machine loses personal touch. Interpersonal skills may diminishStrive for message completeness, correctness with e-mailTotal or partial lack of nonverbal cuesEasy to be overwhelmed or overwhelmed other with too much information. New technologies encourage poly-phasic activities (doing more than one thing at a time) which can split a persons attention and lead to ineffective communication (phone and reading mail simultaneously). Social interaction to minimize negative effects of isolation for both traditional and telecommuters. Regularly diconnect from technology( no none should be expected to bo on call 24/7). Function of communication within organization:Providing knowledge about company goals, how to perform tasks on job, standard of acceptable behavior, need change etc. Expressing feeling and emotions: to avoid misunderstanding express your feeling and emotions (positive or negative) encourage subordinates to do the same. Controlling and coordinating the individual efforts encouraging subordinates to communicate with each other to coordinate their activities. Motivating employees; by communicating confidence in them and how they can benefit from performing well. Helping them succeed in their goals by clearly communication what to expect from them. Giving them clear feed back. Communication :The evoking of shared or common meaning in other person This sums up the real challenge with communicating effectively , no matter the situation manage on medium. Tougher than it sounds. Words/ Pages : 281 / 24